Background and Aims: Microorganisms are the main cause of pulpal and periapical diseases. The most important failure factor is the lack of proper seals for the canal, resulting in microbial leakage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of ProRoot MTA and BIO MTA in canal obturation using fluid infiltration. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 46 extracted mandibular premolar single canal teeth were used. After preparing and disinfecting the teeth with 3% sodium hypochlorite, their crowns were cut off from the cement-enamel junction. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (n=20) BIO MTA, Group 2 MTA ProRoot (n=20), negative and positive control groups, each of them contained 3 teeth. The preparation of teeth was performed using the step back method. The filled teeth were then evaluated by fluid filtration for leakage prevention. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and Tukey test (α =0. 05). Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the MTA ProRoot and BIO MTA in sealing ability (P>0. 05). That micro leakage is less in the BIO MTA group than in the ProRoot MTA group, but the difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that MTA ProRoot and BIO MTA can be used as appropriate canal filling materials.

Introduction: Conservative pulp therapy is an approach to maintain pulp vitality. Direct pulp capping and partial pulpotomy are two main approaches of this therapy. The aim of this study was histological comparison of direct pulp capping and partial pulpotomy with MTA in human premolar teeth.Materials& Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 40 healthy premolar teeth were selected from patients who needed tooth extraction because of orthodontic treatment. After anesthesia, isolation and preparation of a Cl I cavity on the occlusal surface, an exposure was made in the buccal pulp horn using a #½ round bur with the whole bur entering the pulp chamber in half of the samples. In the remaining samples, a small exposure was made in the buccal pulp horn. The pulps in both groups were sealed with MTA (PRO Root, Dentsply, Switzerland). All the cavities were restored with glass-ionomer. After 60 days, all the teeth were extracted and after fixation and decalcification processes, 4-μ sections were obtained. H& E staining was carried out. The sections were analyzed by an oral pathologist who was blinded to the study procedures. Data were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test and Fisher's exact test (a<0.05).Results: There were no significant differences between direct pulp capping and partial pulpotomy in pulp reaction (p value=0.823). The calcified bridges formed were not significantly different between the two groups (p value=0.985).Conclusion: Direct pulp capping and partial pulpotomy are both useful for maintaining pulp vitality.

Background and Aims: According to many uses of MTA in different treatments, studying about its properties like the setting time, is of great importance. The aim of this study was to compare the initial and final setting time of an Iranian MTA and a foreign MTA. Materials and Methods: Seven samples were in each group; for measurement of initial and final setting time of MTAs, a mold with dimension of 2×10 mm was prepared. The cements after mixation were put into an incubator with temperature of 37ₒ C and humidity of 90%. After mixing of cements, a Gilmore needle with a weight of 100 gr and active tip of 2 mm was used vertically on the surface of MTA for measurement of the initial setting time. Setting was measured by the start of cement mixation to the time the tip of the needle didn’ t penetrate to the surface of MTA. For measurement of the final setting time a Gilmore needle with a weight of 456 gr and active tip of 1mm was used vertically on the surface of MTA. The ANOVA test followed by Tukey test was used for comparison of the mean setting time between an Iranian and foreign MTA. The statistical difference was considered significant at the level of 0. 05. Resultes: The mean initial setting time Angelus and Root MTAs were 13. 57± 0. 91 and 11. 14± 0. 92 min, the mean final setting of Angelus and Root MTA, were 48. 93± 1. 54 and 37. 86± 1. 5 min while the initial setting time of Angelus MTA lasted for 0. 53± 43. 2 more min than Root MTA (P=0. 001). The final setting time of Angelus MTA took longer for 110. 7± 0. 82 min than Root MTA (P=0. 001). Conclusion: The initial and final setting time of the Iranian MTA was shorter than the foreign one and thus it could a more alternative option in this respect.

Background: Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) is one of the effective and predictable surgical procedures for treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. The present study aimed to clinically evaluate and compare the efficacy of Amnion Membrane (AM) +BIO-Oss and BIO-Gide+BIO-Oss in GTR treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.Methods: In this study, chronic periodontitis patients who need periodontal regenerative surgery received phase I of periodontal treatment. After 1 month follow up, 10 patients with bilateral intrabony defects and radiographic evidence of intrabony component of ³ 4 mm and probing depth ³ 6 mm were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was treated by placement of AM+BIO-Oss, while the control group was managed by placement of BIO-Gide+BIO-Oss. Clinical parameters, including Periodontal Pocket Depth (PPD), Probing Bone (PB) level, Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), and gingival recession (REC), were recorded at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. Then, the data were analyzed using T-test.Results: A significant difference was observed regarding CAL, PB, and PPD after 6 months compared to before the surgery. In addition, significant changes were observed regarding CAL, PB, PPD, and REC in the control group. However, the mean changes in CAL, PB, and PPD before and after the surgery was not significant between the two groups. Yet, a significant increase was found in REC in the control group compared to the experimental group (P=0.009).Conclusion: Both AM and BIO-Gide in conjunction with BIO-Oss resulted in improvement of the clinical periodontal parameters. According to the results, AM did not induce any significant gingival recession. Thus, AM is recommended as a new barrier membrane in GTR treatment.

Purpose: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is one of the new materials that was introduced for apicectomy at first but today is used for many purposes in endodontics. This study is done due to the importance of economical points in dental materials and decreasing the dental fees and to use new products. The aim of this study was to compare tissue reaction of foreign MTA (proroot) and Iranian MTA (Root) by subcutaneous implanted tube in rat.Methods & Materials: Fifty four rats were divided into four groups of experiments (40 rat) and 2 groups of control (14 rat). In experimental groups two isolated regions were incised to implant two polyethylene tubes filled with Root and ProRoot, and in control groups two empty tubes were implanted. Animals were sacrificed after 7 and 30 days. After histopathologic preparation, H&E staining, samples were evaluated for the thickness of capsule, intensity, type and extention of inflammation and necrosis. The results were analysed by chi-square.Results: There was no statistical difference in the tissue reaction between Root and pro Root.Conclusion: Root is a BIOcompatible material as ProRoot.

Background and Objective: Retrograde surgery is a method to correct failures in endodontics, for which various materials are used. The purpose of this study was comparative evaluation of the amount microleakages of three retrograde cements: gray MTA, white MTA and Portland cement. Materilas and Methods: In this invitro study, 57 single root human extracted teeth with mature apices, were selected. After cutting crowns, teeth were prepared with manual file (step back technique), they were obturated with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer laterally. Then roots devided into three experimental groups with 15 teeth in each group and 2 positive and negative control groups with 6 teeth in each group. After a 45o bevel, 3mm apical cavities were prepared and then each one was filled with one of the three cements. The coronal part of the roots sealed with amalgam. After nail varnishing on the root surface (except their apical 1mm of each root). All roots were immersed in 2% methylen-blue dye for 72 hrs. Then they were split and linear dye-penetration was measured by stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA test. Results: Statistic analysis of the data showed no significant difference between the three retrograde cements Gray MTA (4.520mm) white MTA (4.826mm) and Portland cement (4.826mm). Conclusion: According to results, the use of Portland cement as a retrograde cement seems to be promising clinically. In vivo studies focusing on Portland cement are recommended.

Background and Aim: Several different graft materials, e.g. autologous, allografts, alloplasts or xenografts have been used to preserve or reconstruct the ridge anatomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate histologically and histomorphometrically experimental defects that grafted with BIO-Gen and BIO-oss and influence of local delivery of Alendronate with graft materials on bone formation.Materials and Methods: This experimental study did in 5 dog’s tibia, 7 round intrabony defects, 6 mm in diameter and approximately 4 mm in depth were made with trephine bur, each defect in each tibia filled randomly with following groups: 1) BIO-Gen (BIO-teck)+BCG membrane, 2) BBM (BIO-Oss)+BIO-gide membrane, 3) BIO-Gen+alendronate+BCG membrane, 4) BIO-oss+alendronate+BIO-gide membrane, 5) BCG membrane, 6) BIO-gide membrane, 7) Control (empty). Animals developed euthanized after 3 months. Immediately after euthanasia the tibia bones were dissected out and the proximal part of the tibias containing the defects were removed in blocks and prepared for Histologic and Histomorphometric evaluation. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey procedures. P-values were less than 0.05.Results: Newly formed bone was well evident in all of the defects inflammatory cells were less than 10% in all of them. The mean percentage of new bone in these 4 groups (with grafted materials) was higher than the other ones (with membrane and without grafted materials) and control groups (p<0.05). There is no statistical different between BIO-Oss and BIO-Gen groups (with or without alendronate) in vital bone percentages.Conclusion: Application of single dose alendronate combination with BIO-oss or BIO-Gen granules doesn’t improves bone formation. BIO-Gen granules are considered an osteoconductive graft material suitable for regeneration of bone.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of ProRoot MTA (PMTA), RootMTA(RMTA)and Portlandcement(PC) on human gingival fibroblasts(HGFs).Materials and Methods: The extracts of the test materials were placed close to human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) within 96-well plates. Cellular viability was assessed using MTT assay in different intervals (freshly mixed, 4, 24, and 168 hours after mixing). The data were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 95%significancelevel.Results: It was indicated that there was not a significant difference in cytotoxicity of test materials (p>.05). In addition, there was not a statistically significant difference between different time intervals within each group (p>0.05).Conclusion: PMTA, RMTA and PC showed comparative BIOcompatibility while evaluated in-vitro.